Top 20 CLAT Logical Reasoning Passages from Past Papers

Preparing for the CLAT exam’s logical reasoning section can be challenging, yet mastering it is crucial for your overall performance. Here, we are sharing with you the top CLAT logical reasoning passages from past year papers, offering you an invaluable resource for practice.

We have curated a selection of passages that exemplify the types of logical reasoning questions you’ll encounter in the CLAT 2025 exam. Each passage is followed by questions and comprehensive explanations to help you refine your analytical skills and boost your CLAT preparation.

Upcoming CLAT Exams:

CLAT 2026

Whether you’re a first-time test-taker or looking to improve your score, these passages are essential tools in your CLAT preparation.

CLAT Logical Reasoning: Overview

Logical Reasoning is an important section of the Common Law Admission Test (CLAT), designed to evaluate a candidate’s ability to logically analyze and solve problems using legal and factual scenarios. This section tests not only the reasoning skills but also the critical thinking and problem-solving abilities essential for a successful career in law.

Aspects	Details
Type Of Questions	Objective-type (MCQs)
No. of Questions	22-26
Total Marks	22-26
Weightage	Around 20%
Correct Answer	+1 Marks
Incorrect Answer	-0.25 Marks

CLAT Logical Reasoning Passages

The following are the top logical reasoning passages for CLAT preparation:

Passage 1:

A Madras High Court Judge’s suggestion to amend the Constitution of India mandating that every citizen also has a duty to laugh comes as a whiff of fresh air – something the country has been gasping for, of late. Justice GR Swaminathan of the Madurai Bench has a remarkably refined sense of humour, but in quashing an FIR against a man arrested for an innocuous social media post, his insightful observations only highlight the idiocy and absurdity that surround the growth and normalisation of the offence-taking tribe. Written from the perspective of cartoonists and satirists, the judgment draws attention to how what ought to be a reasonable understanding of a situation is increasingly being influenced by impulses that border on the irrational and amount to an abuse of the legal process. The petitioner tried tongue-in-cheek wordplay while captioning photographs after a sight-seeing trip with family : ‘Trip to Sirumalai for shooting practice’. For the police, it appeared as a threat to wage war, though the Judicial Magistrate refused remand. ‘Laugh at what?’ is a serious question, the Judge said, using the ‘holy cow’ as a metaphor, which varies from person to person, region to region. Being funny is one thing, the Judge righty states, and poking fun at another is different altogether. Those who have been at the receiving end for their attempt at humour can draw strength from the ruling, but then, a creative process facing combative opposition because of its very nature is anything but funny.

Q1. What is the central idea in the passage as conveyed by the author?

People need to be sensitive towards others’ sensibilities.
Humour is often used as a garb to offend others.
There is an unwelcome decrease in people’s sense of humour.
Judiciary should use humour to make judgments understandable to laypersons.

Q2. According to the given passage, which of the following statements is true?

Social media often popularised insensitive and offensive posts.
It should be a right of every person to poke fun at others.
Creative expressions are bound to be offensive to some persons.
Every humorous expression should be understood reasonably and rationally.

Q3. According to the given passage, which of the following statements is not true?

Each expression should be understood according to its context.
The word ‘shooting’ used in a sentence is indicative of waging war.
Legal process can be abused if the authorities act on their irrational impulses.
The expression ‘holy cow’ bears different meanings for different people.

Q4. As per the passage, which of the following approaches can reduce the increasing ‘idiocy and absurdity’ in responding to expressions made in jest?

Apologising upon hurting another person’s sentiments.
Avoiding the use of controversial words and expressions.
Using humour as a means to mitigate conflict.
Understanding the difference between being funny and poking fun at another person.

Q5. “Those who have been at the receiving end for their attempt at humour can draw strength from the ruling, but then, a creative process facing combative opposition because of its very nature is anything but funny.” Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the above statement?

Creativity and conflict go hand-in-hand.
Creative freedom should not be curbed unreasonably.
Creative expressions are strengthened due to challenges faced by their authors.
Creativity often leads to conflict.

Also read: How to Prepare for CLAT

Passage 2:

Two recent developments have brought India’s reliance on fossil fuel into sharp focus. The Russia-Ukraine conflict and the consequent surge in crude oil prices roiled the economy. Separately, the most recent IPCC report on climate highlighted the energy sector’s large contribution to global warming. Both these developments need to be located in the context of India’s pledge to get to net zero carbon emissions by 2070. Meeting this pledge requires an overhaul of both the logistics and electricity sectors to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. T ransitioning to renewables in energy is an important part of the solution. Within renewables, solar energy has been lavished with policy support. However, it won’t be enough to meet the targets. Anil Kakodkar, former chairman of Atomic Energy Commission, had written that India can’t meet its net-zero commitment without nuclear power. He’s right. It’s an area where India was off to an early start, developed relatively high indigenous capabilities in relation to other sectors, but subsequently let the ball drop. Today, nuclear power contributes a mere 3% of the total electricity generated, and has a capacity of 6780 MW. After the early euphoria of the India-United States civil nuclear deal, progress has been disappointing. The deal did open the pathway to a stable supply of uranium ore from Kazakhstan and Canada. However, the design of the subsequent bill on civil liability for nuclear damage killed the prospect of participation of Western firms. India’s main partner today is Russia, which side stepped the bill through inter-government agreements.

Q6. What is the central idea in the passage as conveyed by the author?

India needs to increase use of nuclear power.
India needs to increase production of fossil fuels.
India needs to enter into multilateral agreements addressing use of nuclear power.
Nuclear energy is a renewable source of power.

Q7. According to the author, which of the following measures will not help India achieve its pledge of net zero carbon emissions by 2070?

Logistical changes
Changes in electricity sector
Reduction in use of solar power
Increase in use of nuclear power

Q8. According to the author, which of the following is not the effect of India’s reliance on fossil fuels?

Global warming
Increase in crude oil prices
Relations with Middle East
Less reliance on renewable sources of power

Q9. According to the author, which of the following is the effect of the India-United States civil nuclear deal?

Export-Import target with United States
Removal of bottlenecks for self-reliance in power generation
Nuclear Defence Pact with Kazakhstan
Self-reliance in Solar Power

Q10. According to the author, Western firms lost the opportunity of doing business in the nuclear production in India because:

They had to pay hefty penalties for delay in supply
They do not find nuclear power profitable
They do not agree with India’s place of nuclear plants
They failed to circumvent internal laws by other bilateral instruments

Passage 3:

Words remain an enigma, their presence within human sphere is a unique mystery. They form the intricate tapestry that convinces us of our existence, blurring lines between fact and fiction. An engagement with words is the most captivating, enchanting, and sometimes daunting encounter with the world. A word, a symbolic entity formed from the ethereal, exists neither as animate nor inanimate, yet pulsates with life. It can emanate warmth or coldness, absorb emotions, or stand as dry as a rock. Words can provoke smiles and elicit joy. They are like glow-worms, momentarily dispelling the surrounding darkness and act as life-saving rafts amid the tumultuous ocean waves. Words grant us the ability to explore the universe, and “to see a world in a grain of sand.” as William Blake noted. They impart a semantic existence to the lifeless, and bestow aesthetic form upon the formless. Scriptures say the word is the world. I say the world within the word is the abode of faith.

Q11. What is the central theme of the passage?

The history of the human language
The impact of words on human existence
The importance of storytelling
The mystery of human cognition

Q12. According to the passage, what does a ‘word’ symbolize?

An inanimate object
An animate entity
A tangible entity
An intangible concept

Q13. How does the passage describe words’ ability to affect emotions?

Words can only evoke positive emotions.
Words can absorb emotions and become emotion themselves.
Words have no impact on emotions.
Words can be devoid of emotions.

Q14. “An engagement with words is the most captivating, enchanting, and sometimes daunting encounter with the world.” Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the above statement?

Words can be used to manipulate others.
The power of words should be used carefully.
Words can capture the atrocities of the world.
Words can paint a picture of the world in all its different colours.

Q15. Which of the following strengthens the author’s idea of words being “like glow-worms momentarily dispelling the surrounding darkness”?

Words help in understanding reality.
Words illuminate the mind of the reader.
Words help in escaping reality.
Words cast darkness in the mind of the reader.

Q16. In the context of the passage, what is the significance of the “world within the word”?

It refers to the power of language to create inspiration, energy and faith.
It signifies the author’s love for the global community.
It represents the mysteries hidden in language.
It describes the author’s mission to explore different cultures.

Passage 4:

Students have been abuzz over how artificial intelligence tools can do their homework and programmers over how these can increase their productivity or take away their jobs. As much as digitization has transformed the country in recent years, there is a widespread feeling that at some point around the horizon, AI shall rejig everything in even more fundamental, fantastic, and frightening ways. This is why deciding how the coming changes should be regulated is very important. TRAI has made a strong case for an independent statutory authority to ensure the responsible development and use of AI in the country, a global agency along similar lines shall likely be pitched at the G20 leaders’ summit, and interestingly even American MNC Microsoft has floated a blueprint for AI governance in India. The great size and diversity of its “data points” make India of great interest to all developers of AI technologies.

But India is only at their receiving end, nowhere close to the US and China’s advances. Although lately, it is becoming obvious how much state censorship is encumbering China’s Large Language Modeling, the country is still very much in the game with PhDs in fields related to AI, investments in AI chip hardware design, and domestic generative models like Wu Dao. The scientific accomplishments of India’s Chandrayaan mission have seen it being wooed for various international space collaborations. This promises spinoff technological benefits across Indian industry and is also geo-strategically useful. Likewise, it is only with sufficient AI prowess that India shall really get to play at the high table of global rulemaking for AI.

Knowing how much Indians’ future shall be shaped by generative AI needs matching efforts to create indigenous models. In this and at this stage, a proactive government role is key, rather than just waiting on some large corporation to do the needful. Missing this bus will after all be even more costly than missing the chip research one. Plus, GOI alone can push academia-industry collaborations with the necessary weight and urgency. This does not let other institutions off the hook. A US judge has rejected the copyright for an AI-generated artwork. Indian courts should start engaging with the broader issue of non-human agency rather than wait for precedence to be set elsewhere. Indian schools need to think beyond the ban-ChatGPT mindset. Let us lead instead of only being led.

[Extracted from “First, get the tech: Unless India develops domestic AI heft, it wouldn’t play any meaningful part in global regulatory efforts”, Times of India]

Q17. Which of the following is the author most likely to agree with?

The best way to deal with the advancement of AI is to leave its regulation to market forces.
Government-driven control of AI is inefficient and shall promote red-tapism.
Private companies with their large capital and infrastructure design the most efficient AI governance models.
Government-led initiatives of AI regulation and development lead to efficient outcomes.

Q18. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the main argument of the passage?

Governments that lead the initiative on regulating and responding to the advancement of AI tools benefit the most from them.
Governments that don’t engage with generative AI and remain at its receiving end stay risk-averse with nothing to lose.
Governments that actively incentivise MNCs to participate in AI governance make the most out of the advancements in the field.
Governments that explore models of public-private partnership strike the right balance in regulating generative AI.

Q19. Based only on the author’s statement that “Indian courts should start engaging with the broader issue of non-human agency rather than wait for precedence to be set elsewhere”, which of the following would the author be most likely to agree with?

Courts should take the initiative by being innovative and laying down rules where no precedents exist.
Courts should wait for precedents and in the meantime refrain from engaging with the challenges presented by generative AI.
Courts should stop relying on precedents and decide cases on the basis of judicial wisdom.
Precedents are the best possible safeguard against arbitrary decision-making.

Q20. If the information in the passage above is correct, which of the following must necessarily be true?

AI regulation is the responsibility of the legislature alone.
AI regulation is the responsibility of courts and can’t be addressed through standalone statutory rules.
AI regulation is a collaborative effort involving all the institutions of the State.
AI regulation is the domain of private industry.

Q21. Based on the author’s arguments, which of the following would result in weakening, rather than strengthening India’s position at the forefront of generative AI?

Investing in indigenous AI chip hardware design and domestic generative models.
Exploring spinoff technological benefits with other scientific advancements like the Chandrayaan mission.
Introducing generative models like Wu Dao which have demonstrated success in other jurisdictions.
Locally developing technologies such as indigenous AI models.

Q22. The author states that, “Missing this bus will after all be even more costly than missing the chip research one.” For this statement to be true, with which of the following statements about chip research must the author most likely agree?

India lead chip research from its frontiers.
India was right to leave regulation of chip industry and research to MNCs.
India should have proactively played a role in responding to new research in chip technology.
The failure to respond to new developments in chip technology was a bigger loss than the potential failure to regulate generative AI.

Passage 5:

In a world where aspirations for upward mobility are fervent, the opportunities for achieving such dreams remain limited. When one generation falls short, the mantle of ambition passes to the next, embedding within it a heavy burden of responsibility. Failing to meet these expectations can lead to profound sorrow, and in the direst cases, even to suicide. It’s in this landscape that coaching institutes assume a significant role, cultivating an atmosphere of uncertainty among students and parents. A stark discrepancy emerges between preparation for board examinations and competitive tests, amplifying the inequalities that plague the education system. The coaching industry’s massive marketing campaigns further exacerbate the situation, with some strategies veering into ethical grey areas. The tests themselves, designed to be more challenging than standardised exams, set the stage for feelings of inadequacy and self-doubt when not conquered. Our educational system is tailored to gauge an individual’s merit through examinations. Eminent thinker Michael J Sandel dubs this system the “tyranny of merit”, a sentiment echoed by the Supreme Court of India. Upholding the OBC reservation judgment, the Court called for a deeper evaluation of the “idea of merit”, highlighting its nuanced nature. Merit as a concept remains shrouded in misunderstanding and often goes unexamined within school curriculum. Adapting to new living arrangements, sourcing nourishing meals, battling isolation, and grappling with commutes form the backdrop against, which education unfolds. For marginalised communities and gender minorities, these hurdles are often amplified. Social media algorithms exacerbate mental health concerns, sowing loneliness and impeding attention spans and creativity. Technology emerges as a potential equaliser in this landscape. Online platforms now offer preparation opportunities from the comfort of one’s home. Government-curated or market-driven content could usher in a new era of accessibility.

[Extracted, with edits and revisions from “Kota suicides: Coaching institutes manufacture insecurity — moving beyond the tyranny of merit might help” authored by Akash Kumar and published in The Indian Express dated September 2, 2023]

Q23. As per the author, which one of the following is not likely leading to suicide among the students?

Incorrect marketing strategies by the coaching institutes.
Burdening of ambitions by one generation to another.
Creation of hostile environment by the coaching institutes.
Living in a surrounding with different background and culture.

Q24. Which of the following is not true regarding the education system as per the opinion of the author?

It is primarily based on the merit of the students.
Merit of the students is not the determining factor.
Examination plays a pivotal role in the education system.
An individual’s merit cannot be identified without examination.

Q25. Which of the following strengthens the argument regarding the ‘idea of merit’ as per the above-mentioned passage?

True merit is multifaceted and extends beyond performance in a single competitive examination.
Pervasive inequalities can only be identified with the help of a single competitive examination.
True merit is not multifaceted and does not extend beyond performance in a single competitive examination.
The school education ensures the proper implementation of the idea of merit.

Q26. Which of the following is correct regarding the inequalities mentioned by the author?

There is no difference between the preparation of board and competitive examination.
Education system accommodates the inequalities.
Competitive examination leads to social equality.
There are existing inequalities which are enlarged by the competitive examinations.

Q27. Which of the following statements reflects the use of online platforms for education as per the author?

It provides equal opportunity to all the students irrespective of caste or creed.
It encourages the students to prepare for examination.
It should be the only means to education.
It cannot be accessed by majority of the people due to technological impediments.

Q28. Which one of the following is not a challenge for quality education?

Influence of social media.
Mental health of the students and parents.
Availability of online resources.
Lack of competitive atmosphere among the peers.

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Passage 6:

The COVID-19 pandemic and the unmatched mental health challenges have made it more crucial than ever that we continue to make strides towards understanding the concept of mental health stigma and how we might tackle it around the world. Graham Thornicroft, a practicing psychiatrist, who is extensively and deeply involved in mental health stigma research at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences at King’s College London has divided stigma into three components-knowledge, attitude and behaviour. The last behaviour emerges from social isolation, such as what we are experiencing during the pandemic, as well as exclusion from mainstream activities and citizenship. In higher-income countries, stigma rates may be greater than other countries, perhaps because of the pressure to excel. In low-income countries, one can be unwell and still play an active social and productive role somewhere as there are many such roles to play within the family and in society. Enhancing contact with people who have experienced mental health problems is the best way to reduce stigma. To date, most people with mental illness remain silent about their condition, avoiding discussing their problems for fear of losing face, damaging their reputation or jeopardising their family status. Having a space where they may be welcomed and listened to, rather than judged, will go a long way towards enabling them to share their experiences. In a small part of rural Andhra Pradesh, researchers used posters, pictures, drums, and a short street play, as an intervention technique to reduce mental health stigma. An actor portrayed a person’s journey through mental health crises and setbacks before receiving support and showing hope, improvement and recovery. People assembled around the stage, willing to talk about and discuss what they saw, even two to three years after the event.

Q29. What is the central idea in the passage as conveyed by the author?

Mental health is not an obstacle for people seeking care.
Mental health is a domestic phenomenon.
In low-income countries, mental health does not receive the adequate attention and treatment.
Mental health issues have only arisen after the COVID-19 pandemic globally.

Q30. As per the passage, which of the following approaches can be most effective to curb the issue of mental health?

Mental health can only be curbed when people will stop sharing their emotions openly.
To develop a sense of acceptance among people suffering from mental health and let them heal gradually.
Experiences shared and discussed on a larger level is a major hindrance for better mental health conditions globally.
A person should not express about his/her failures which enhances the mental health problems.

Q31. Which of the following notions is expressed in the passage to enunciate the significance of issue of mental health?

The issue of mental health has received the required recognition and deliberation during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Mental health will be reduced automatically after the COVID-19 pandemic.
Mental health improves when social isolation increases.
Mental health is an illusionary notion developed during COVID-19 pandemic to strengthen the pharmaceutical industries.

Q32. “In low-income countries, one can be unwell and still play an active social and productive role somewhere as there are many such roles to play within the family and in society”. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the above statement?

Stigma rates in lower-income countries are higher as compared to higher income countries.
Stigma rates in higher-income countries may be more due to a pressure of performing and to excel.
Mental stigma is not related to the economic conditions of a country.
Higher-income countries require people to perform multiple roles at their homes.

Q33. Which of the following weakens the author’s idea of ‘having a space where they may be welcomed and listened to, rather than judged’?

People who tend to share their emotions tend to have mental peace and happiness.
Societal role is massive in embracing people suffering from mental health ailments.
People sharing their ideas and expressions publicly is a practice which needs to be promoted.
It is a human tendency to form judgments about other people and this being a healthy practice should be encouraged at large scale.

Passage 7:

One of the most important challenges for Indian diplomacy in the subcontinent is to persuade its neighbours that India is an opportunity, not a threat. Far from feeling in any way besieged by India, they should be able to see it as offering access to a vast market and to a dynamic, growing economy which would provide their own economies with far greater opportunities than more distant partners (or even their own domestic markets) could provide. This would go beyond economic benefits: as David Malone argues, “Economic cooperation represents the easiest ‘sell’ to various constituencies within the countries of the region. Were this to prove successful, cooperation on more divisive and sensitive issues, such as terrorism, separatism, insurgency, religious fundamentalism, and ethnic strife, could be attempted with greater chances of success.” Winds of change are blowing in South Asia. There is a definite consolidation of democracy in all the countries of the region, every one of which has held elections within the last three years. Some of our neighbours have made significant strides in surmounting internal conflict and others are in the process of doing so. If India has to fulfil its potential in the world, we have no choice but to live in peace with our neighbours, in mutual security, harmony and cooperation. Just as Nehru left Robert Frost’s immortal lines “Miles to go before I sleep” on his bedside table when he died, Shastri kept some lines of the founder of the Sikh faith, Guru Nanak, on his desk. When translated into English they read: “O Nanak! Be tiny like the grass, for other plants will wither away, but grass will remain ever green.” Shastri was seen by many Indians of exalted ambition as a tiny man, but he had the mind and heart of a giant. His vision of peaceful coexistence with our neighbours, through adopting the demeanour, the modesty and the freshness of grass, may well be the best way for India to ensure that its dreams remain evergreen in its own backyard.

Q34. As per the passage, which of the following is a challenge for India?

To develop an intimidating surrounding for its neighbours.
To manifest India as a land of opportunities.
To restrict access to economic activities to its neighbours.
To propagate the practice of threatening neighbours for greater opportunities.

Q35. “If India has to fulfil its potential in the world, we have no choice but to live in peace with our neighbours, in mutual security, harmony and cooperation.” In the context of the statement, which of the following strengthens the author’s opinion?

Peace and prosperity cannot work in consonance.
India should assert its might over its neighbours.
Peaceful coexistence with neighbours is the key to India’s stellar growth.
India can offer myriad opportunities for its neighbours by working in seclusion.

Q36. Which of the following is the central theme of the above passage?

The objective of attaining peaceful co-existence and cooperation with the neighbours.
The dominance of India on its neighbouring countries.
Emergence of India as a global power.
Prioritising the economic opportunities for India.

Q37. Which of the following is correct expression of the author’s opinion as stated in passage?

India should strive for greater economic integration which should be politically and administratively feasible.
India can see borders as barriers, and border areas as buffer zones but not as gateways of opportunity.
India’s stellar economic growth is thwarting her own opportunities.
It is not in India’s interest to be generous to neighbouring countries.

Q38. Which of the following can be inferred from the above passage?

There is no nexus between cooperative existence and economic growth of a nation.
Unless India’s region becomes more self -centred, India is unlikely to develop into more than a regional power.
India can only become a great power if it works in isolation to achieve the desired goals.
India cannot aspire to be a great power without the cooperation of neighbours.

Passage 8:

The critique of school as an institution has developed and grown in the past half a century. Education theorist Everett Reimer wrote School is Dead in the 1960s. Most schools are caged jails, where an alien curriculum designed by some ‘experts’ is thrust down a child’s gullet. Today, many schools are gargantuan corporate enterprises with thousands of children on their rolls, and for all practical purposes they are run like factories, or better still like mini-armies. The website of a private school in Lucknow boasts of 56,000 students, for instance. But progressive thinkers have always envisioned ‘free schools’ for children. The great Russian novelist, Leo Tolstoy, founded a school for the children of poor peasants at his home, Yasnaya Polyana, without any strict schedule, homework or physical punishment. Maria Montessori was the first Italian woman to become a doctor; she went on to work out the ‘stages of development’ in children which became the basis for her educational philosophy, which too emphasised children’s freedom and choice. Tagore’s critique of rote learning is articulated in the classic tale ‘The Parrot’s Training’ (Totaakahini). Perhaps, the longest lasting libertarian school in the world is Summerhill. It was founded in 1921, a hundred years ago in England, by A.S. Neill with the belief that school should be made to fit the child rather than the other way round. The 1966 Kothari Education Commission’s recommendation for a common school system was never implemented. Today, which school a child goes to depends on her socioeconomic status. The pandemic has furthered and exacerbated this divide. COVID-19 hit parents economically. The digital divide between the rich and poor has also widened. The poor do not have access to mobiles, laptops and internet connectivity. In such a scenario, one can try and conceive of neighbourhood learning spaces.

Q39. What has the author conveyed regarding the school system in India?

The school system in India is an advanced system which focuses on developing the personality of students.
The schools in India are segregated based on socio-economic status.
The schools staunchly promote the interest of every student enrolled to ensure quality education.
The pandemic has aided the students a greater access to the technology and learning spaces.

Q40. Which of the following can be deduced from the above passage?

Social segregation must be eliminated for furtherance of education in schools.
The COVID-19 pandemic has lubricated the teaching-learning process in schools.
Schools should be divided on the basis of the financial capabilities only.
Private schools should be encouraged to enrol economically poor students irrespective of their caste or religion.

Q41. As per the above passage, which of the following does not correctly represent the author’s view regarding imparting of education during the pandemic?

There has been a disruption of education systems due to the pandemic.
The inclusion of technology has widened the canvas of distance learning education for all, albeit its access is the biggest concern.
The pandemic has unearthed and stimulated innovative approaches to learning.
The crisis is worsened by reduction of opportunities for many children.

42. Which of the following can be utilised to develop a healthy environment for students’ learning in schools?

Individualised teaching should not be followed for growth of students.
Students should only be permitted to opt for only few subjects as elective courses.
Community learning should be encouraged in schools.
A fixed and robust curriculum is the need of the hour.

Q43. In the above passage, which of the following cannot be referred as a characteristic of a ‘free school’?

It is an alternative to mainstream and conventional form of schooling.
Free schools provide a democratic platform to the students to voice their opinions.
The courses offered at free schools are optional for students depending on their interests.
Specific choice of subjects and a fixed schedule are quintessential features of a free school.

Also read: CLAT preparation Tips

Passage 9:

Asia is at the front line of climate change. Extreme heat in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, wildfires in Australia, typhoons in Japan, are real and present dangers and likely to become more frequent as climate change intensifies. McKinsey’s report on ‘Climate risk and response in Asia’, finds that, without adaptation and mitigation, Asia is expected to experience more severe socioeconomic impacts of climate change than other parts of the world. Large cities in the Indian Subcontinent could be among the first places in the world to experience heat waves that exceed the survivability threshold. Just as information systems and cyber security have become integrated into corporate and public-sector decision making, climate change will also need to feature as a major factor in decisions. Climate science tells us that some amount of warming over the next decade is already locked in due to past emissions, and temperatures will continue to rise. India anticipates a significant infrastructure build out over the next decades with projects worth $1.77 trillion across 34 sub sectors, according to the National Infrastructure Pipeline. Robust regulations around outdoor work could significantly reduce the economic risk of lost hours as well as the toll on life from heat waves. The good news is that we have started to see some Indian states and cities pursuing such policies. Ahmedabad City Corporation introduced a heat action plan- the first of its kind in India in response to the 2010 heat wave that killed 300 people in a single day. The city now has a heat-wave early warning system, a citywide programme of roof reflectivity to keep buildings cool, and teams to distribute cool water and rehydration tablets during heat waves. Renewable energy has grown rapidly in India and can contribute 30 per cent of gross electricity generation by 2030, according to the Central Electricity Authority.

Q44. Which of the following cannot be inferred from the above passage?

It is imperative to lessen our vulnerability to harmful effects of climate change.
Increase in mitigation strategies will eventually lead to an increase in pollutants.
Reduction of emissions which are heat-trapping and harmful for environment should be our primary goal.
The infrastructure development plans need to be climate friendly.

Q45. Consider the following statements:

The impact of increasing heat is more on the ones who are economically poor and engaged in outdoor employment.
Risk to environment is directly related to change in climate.
A localised understanding of climate risk is essential to mitigate the risk.

As per the above passage, which of these statements is implicit?

I only.
I and II.
I, II and III.
I and III.

Q46. Which of the following strategies is not appropriate to reduce the climate change risk?

Decreasing energy efficiency.
Carbon Pricing System.
Decarbonising industrial operations and buildings.
Investments in adaptive technologies.

Q47. As per the above passage, which of the following is a major challenge to control the climate change?

Reliance on non-renewable energy is significant for economic growth.
Renewable energy is now utilised in many sectors to curb the increasing risk of climate change.
Remedial actions for climate change are encouraged to lessen the risk of global warming.
Regulated industrialisation keeps a balance between growth and environment.

Q48. Consider the following statement- “Just as information systems and cyber security have become integrated into corporate and public-sector decision making, climate change will also need to feature as a major factor in decisions.” Which of the following is the most appropriate explanation for the above statement?

Decision making by organisations should not depend on the climate conditions which may lead to hampering their growth.
Monetary investments in adoption of climate friendly tools is not an urgent need.
The understanding of climate risk should not be integrated into decision making.
Organisations must incorporate climate risk, build the necessary infrastructural capabilities and tools to diagnose risks.

Passage 10:

COVID-19 infections are once again on the rise with daily infections crossing 60,000 per day last week. This is considerably higher compared to the reported infections during the same period last year when the numbers were less than 500 per day. What is obvious is that the pandemic is far from over despite the availability of vaccines. However, unlike last year, the response this time has been muted with no nationwide lockdown. One of the reasons for the differing responses is the lesson from the unintended consequences on the economy of the strict lockdown last year. While aggregate estimates on the growth rate of GDP showed a sharp contraction in economic activity (the economy shrunk by 24 per cent in the April-June quarter of 2020) the impact on lives and livelihoods is still unfolding even though the sharp contractionary phase seems behind us. The extent of the loss of lives and livelihoods is becoming clear only now, with detailed data from the Periodic Labour Force Surveys (PLFS) – the latest round of which is for the April-June quarter of 2020. This is the first official report on the estimates for the quarter, which witnessed the worst impact with the lockdown in force until the middle of May. Visuals of thousands of migrants walking back to their villages are still fresh in the mind. While many have returned to urban areas in the absence of jobs in rural areas, many did not. The PLFS, which captures the employment-unemployment situation in urban areas, provides some clues to what happened. The estimates from PLFS are broadly in line with estimates available from other privately conducted surveys, notably the unemployment surveys of the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE). According to the PLFS April-June 2020 round, the urban unemployment rate for the population above the age of 15 was 20.8 per cent, which is close to the monthly average for the same quarter from CMIE at 19.9 per cent. The CMIE data, however, does suggest a sharp decline in June compared to April and May. Similar to the CMIE data, the PLFS data also shows a sharp rise in the unemployment rate which more than doubled compared to the unemployment rate in the preceding quarter of January-March 2020 at 9.1 per cent and 8.8 per cent in the same quarter (April-June) of 2019. While one in five persons above the age of 15 was unemployed during April-June 2020, the unemployment rate among the 15-29-year-olds was 34.7 per cent – every third person in the 15-29 age group was unemployed during the same period. These are staggering numbers, but not surprising. While the lockdown certainly contributed to the worsening of the employment situation, particularly in urban areas, the fact that the economy was already going through severe distress as far as jobs are concerned is no longer surprising. Between 2016-17 and 2019-20, growth decelerated to 4 per cent, less than half the 8.3 per cent rate in 2016-17. The fact that the economy has not been creating jobs predates the economic shocks of demonetisation and the hasty roll-out of GST. The PLFS data from earlier rounds have already shown the extent of the rise in unemployment compared to the employment unemployment surveys of 2011-12. The unemployment rates in urban areas for all categories increased by almost three times between 2011-12 and 2017-18. On an internationally comparable basis, the unemployment rate among the 15-24-year-olds in 2017-18 was 28.5 per cent, which makes the youth unemployment rate in India amongst the highest in the world, excluding small countries and conflict-ridden countries. Since then, it has only worsened or remained at that level.

Q49. According to the author, which of the following is a plausible explanation for India’s prevalent crisis of unemployment?

The previously existing employment crunch is worsened due to the imposition of nationwide lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Imposition of nationwide lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic reduced economic activity.
Imposition of nationwide lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic led to migration of workforce from urban to rural areas.
There is a sharp decline in urban unemployment rate for the population above the age of 15.

Q50. According to the author, what is current state of Indian economy?

There is a sharp contraction in economic activity.
The aftermath of a sharp contraction in economic activity is being experienced.
The unemployment rates in urban areas for all categories are increasing by almost three times.
Youth unemployment rate in India is at par with that in small and conflict-ridden countries.

Q51. Which of the following statements cannot be inferred from the given passage?

Loss of lives and livelihoods is attributable to the imposition of nationwide lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Decline in economic growth is attributable to the imposition of nationwide lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Rise in unemployment is attributable to the migration of members of workforce from urban to rural areas.
Rise in unemployment is attributable to the imposition of nationwide lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Q52. Which of the following strengthens the author’s argument that the decline in economic growth and rise in unemployment precedes the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic?

While one in five persons above the age of 15 was unemployed during April-June 2020, the unemployment rate among the 15-29-year-olds was 34.7 per cent – every third person in the 15-29 age group was unemployed during the same period.
According to the PLFS April-June 2020 round, the urban unemployment rate for the population above the age of 15 was 20.8 per cent, which is close to the monthly average for the same quarter from CMIE at 19.9 per cent.
Between 2016-17 and 2019-20, growth decelerated to 4 per cent, less than half the 8.3 per cent rate in 2016-17.
The estimates from PLFS are broadly in line with estimates available from other privately conducted surveys, notably the unemployment surveys of the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE).

Q53. According to the given passage, which of the following statements is correct?

Unemployment rates in urban areas for all categories increased by almost three times over the preceding decade.
Employment rates in urban areas for all categories increased by almost three times over the preceding decade.
Unemployment rates in urban areas for all categories increased by almost three percent over the preceding decade.
Employment rates in urban areas for all categories increased by almost three percent over the preceding decade.

Passage 11:

On the day of writing this, India had reported 116 deaths from COVID-19. In contrast, the US, with around one-fourth the population of India, reported 1,897 deaths, or 16 times the daily deaths as India. The UK, which has one-twentieth the population of India, reported 592 deaths, or 5 times the daily deaths as India. On other metrics too-new cases, active cases-the Indian curve has flattened. If and when the UK and the US achieve what we have, there will be major celebrations. Such low death rates would be seen as a victory of the government, citizens and science over the dreaded coronavirus. However, because we are India, we don’t get as much credit. We are considered poor, third-world and untrustworthy, incapable of achieving something like this on our own. Instead of learning from India’s experience, the first instinct is to doubt Indian data. We aren’t counting the cases right, we aren’t doing enough tests, we don’t classify the deaths properly-the list of doubts goes on and on. This, even as the tests have only increased, positivity rate has dropped and almost all Indian hospitals are seeing a drop in COVID-19 admissions and fatalities. To think that the Deep Indian State is capable of fudging data at the level of every district and every state, and sustaining this façade for months is giving it way too much credit. Conspiracies require enormous co-ordination and effort and it isn’t quite how things work in India. Given that you can check corona data at every ward level, it is also impossible to fudge data, not to mention create a downwards curve that is moving in the same direction in virtually every corner of India. In terms of testing, while a case might be made for a lot of Indians not getting tested, it is also true that random testing has increased in the last few months. Domestic flyers into Maharashtra from many states for instance, have to get a COVID-19 test done irrespective of symptoms. If there was rampant corona, we would see a spike in cases from just these flyers. It may be hard for people to accept this reality but almost all evidence points to the fact India has flattened the corona curve, while the US, UK and most of Europe still haven’t. What is even more remarkable about India’s achievement is that it has managed to do this without draconian lockdowns (apart from the two months in April-May 2020). In fact, cases have dropped even as India opened up more.

Q54. Which of the following strengthens the author’s argument that India has tackled the COVID-19 pandemic better than most advanced nations?

India’s positivity rate of COVID-19 cases and admissions in Indian hospitals are reduced.
India’s counting of the number of COVID-19 cases is incorrect.
India’s testing facilities for COVID-19 cases are inadequate.
India’s classification of COVID-19 cases is inaccurate.

Q55. Which of the following weakens the author’s argument that India has tackled the COVID-19 pandemic better than most advanced nations?

India lacks the co-ordination and effort to execute conspiracies.
Many Indians are possibly not getting tested.
Evidence points to the fact India has flattened the corona curve.
India has not imposed draconian lockdowns.

Q56. “To think that the Deep Indian State is capable of fudging data at the level of every district and every state, and sustaining this façade for months is giving it way too much credit.” In this statement, the author indicates that

There are unauthorised networks of power operating independently of the Indian state’s political leadership in pursuit of their own agenda and goals.
There are authorised networks of power operating independently of the Indian state’s political leadership in pursuit of their own agenda and goals.
There may be unauthorised networks of power operating independently of the Indian state’s political leadership in pursuit of their own agenda and goals, but their influence is questionable.
There may be unauthorised networks of power operating independently of the Indian state’s political leadership in pursuit of their own agenda and goals, and their influence is deep and pervasive.

Q57. According to the given passage, which of the following statements is not true?

Developed nations are reluctant to learn from India’s experience as Indian data is doubtful.
India does not get as much credit for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic.
India is seen as a poor, third-world country.
India is seen as untrustworthy and incapable of tackling the COVID-19 pandemic independently.

Q58. According to the given passage, which of the following statements is true?

COVID-19 cases in India have reduced because of reduction in restrictions.
COVID-19 cases in India have increased with reduction in restrictions.
COVID-19 cases in India have reduced with increase in restrictions.
COVID-19 cases in India have reduced despite the reduction in restrictions.

Passage 12:

Some readers wondered whether my reading of the crisis in the news media is about journalism or about the news industry. Though the fortunes of the news industry have a bearing on journalism, there is, indeed, a difference between looking at issues that govern journalism and the factors that contribute to the financial stress of the media industry. Over the last few years, I have been discussing the impact of digitalisation on journalism. The pandemic has accelerated the process of digital transformation of the news media. Therefore, these issues need close scrutiny. One of the defining elements of analog journalism was the way two crucial functions of journalism — bearing witness and making sense — complemented each other and helped people make informed choices. When I talk about the strength of analog, I am neither romanticising the past nor am I a Luddite. Most importantly, I do not believe in nostalgia. Many scholars have established “how rose-coloured glasses always leads to an unfair distortion — looking back on the best of the past while comparing it to the worst of the present.” Hence, when I talk about the digital information news environment, I am talking about how there needs to be a conducive atmosphere for credible information to resonate with the people. Literature on misinformation, disinformation and malinformation reveals a new distinction in the minds of the citizens. Editors and journalists have to contend with a new breed of sceptics. These are the people who trust social media forwards more than evidence-based, data-driven journalism. Their confirmation bias flows from encrypted social media platforms that are full of conspiracy theories.

[Excerpt from an Article by A.S. Panneerselvan, The Hindu, dated August 10, 2020]

Q59. Which of the following conveys the main idea expressed in the passage?

Those who subscribe to newspapers are sceptics.
Those who subscribe to newspapers and news channels often contribute in distortion of the truth.
Social media journalism distorts the truth.
All of the above.

Q60. In this line, “Hence, when I talk about the digital information news environment, I am talking about how there needs to be a conducive atmosphere for credible information to resonate with the people” the Author assumes that:

The Digital news is neither evidence based nor data driven.
The Digital journalism does not help people in making informed choices.
Both (a) and (b)
The impact of Digital journalism has created an informed platform of journalism.

Q61. Which of the following strengthens the Author‘s argument?

Conspiracy theories have become an alternative truth.
The Pandemic is the only reason behind the dependence of people on Social media journalism.
The News industry is witnessing a tremendous change.
None of the above.

Q62. What does the Author indicate when he quotes that “Rose coloured glasses always lead to unfair distortion”?

Digital Journalism is twisted.
Author means to say that he does not have any disproportionate bias for analog journalism.
Rosy picture of every news cannot be created.
All of the above.

Q63. The Author has severely targeted and criticized which one of the following factors of Digital Journalism?

Social Outreach
Credibility of Information
Lack of Information
None of the above.

Passage 13:

In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev, launched an ill-fated anti-alcohol campaign in the then Soviet Union. The anti-alcohol campaign had some beneficial public health consequences: Crime fell and life expectancy rose. But the campaign was a political and economic disaster. Gorbachev forgot that the addiction of the state to alcohol revenue was even more incurable than the addiction of some citizens to alcohol itself. The budgetary losses created an economic crisis. Historians suspect that more than the loss of the Soviet Empire, it was this campaign that delegitimised Gorbachev. An old Soviet joke went like this: A disaffected and angry citizen, fed up of standing in lines for vodka, decided to go assassinate Gorbachev. He soon came back and ruefully reported that the lines to assassinate Gorbachev were even longer than the lines for Vodka. As the lockdown eased in India, and social distancing went for a toss at alcohol outlets, we were reminded of how difficult an issue alcohol is to rationally discuss in India. The stampede was caused by the ineptness with which the opening was handled in most cities. Alcohol has also migrated from being a question of personal freedom and choice to an issue in broader cultural wars, an odd site on which we measure progressivism in India. It is also a window on how liberalism has been misunderstood. Liberals should, rightly, be suspicious of prohibition on moral and practical grounds. Government grossly exceeds its legitimate power when it interferes with the rights of individuals to lead their lives as they please, and fashion their selves after their own ideals, interests and preferences. And certainly, moralism or puritanism on alcohol cannot be the basis of state policy. That moralism has no basis, and it violates the dignity and freedom of individuals.

[Excerpt from an Opinion by BhanuPratap Mehta, The Indian Express, May 7, 2020]

Q64. In the above passage, the author uses a/an__________ to strengthen his argument.

Metaphor
Analogy
Personification
None of the above

Q65. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage above?

State must not interfere at all with the individual‘s right to drink.
Liberalism has always been misunderstood.
It is very difficult to discuss any issue relating to personal freedom of individuals with rationality in India.
None of the above.

Q66. Which of the following statements weakens the argument that Moralism on Alcohol cannot be the basis of State Policy?

The State should not interfere with people‘s right to drink; but there will be a backlash if drinking takes forms that inflict great social harms.
Freedom should not be divorced from Moderation.
The State should not interfere in matters of sexuality or intimacy. But norms of freedom will impose serious costs and will not survive if the expressions of sexuality are consistently degrading or violent, as we have seen in the locker room scandals.
All of the above.

Q67. Which of the following is true as per the passage above?

Liberals should not be concerned about prohibition on Alcohol at all.
Moralism should be based on justified ideals.
Moralism must not be the basis of any State action.
All of the above.

Q68. According to the passage, which of the following could be part of State‘s policy to regulate Alcohol use in India?

Ban on Alcohol shops.
Education on Intelligent Drinking.
Regulating Outlet density of Alcohol shops
Community Intervention Policy

I, II and III
II and IV
II, III and IV
I, II, III and IV

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Passage 14:

Don‘t miss the cloud behind the silver lining. The Class XII CBSE pass result has soared to an all-time high of 88.8%. The number of students scoring 95% and above has more than doubled. If only these higher marks were a reflection of students getting more skilled and more competitive. Instead, the odds are they simply mirror an assessment scheme relaxed to compensate students for the many disruptions originating in the pandemic. The goal of reducing student stress levels during this turbulent time is excellent and laudable. But it is a fallacy that high marks can accomplish this by themselves. The real stressor, after all, is shortage of opportunities. When every bout of grade inflation raises cut-offs for higher education even higher, it is no succour. That India‘s Gross Enrolment Ratio is only 27% compared to Indonesia‘s 36%, Thailand‘s 49% and the US‘s 88% is just one measure of the toll taken by our failure to build adequate colleges and universities. Licence raj continues to suppress autonomy and expansion in this sector. For example, a new national education policy is reportedly mulling at least 20% of students being able to attend private higher educational institutions through freeships and another 30% through scholarships, besides fee caps. On top of the stasis already wreaked by reservations, this would be disastrous. Browbeating the private sector to make up for public sector deficiencies is counterproductive. As the pandemic has underlined the key role of good government services in healthcare, so too is raising the standard of publicly funded schools and universities essential. What the students need is an ecosystem where government institutions deliver quality education and private options are plentiful. It is better prospects alone that will best alleviate students‘ stress. Meanwhile, crudely chopping syllabi will only worsen their disorientation and should be reconsidered.

[TOI Edit, Times of India Editorials, Dated July 15, 2020].

Q69. What is the ‘cloud behind the silver lining’ in the passage above?

The Pandemic which is impacting the current education system.
That, the Governmental educational institutions are not able to deliver quality education.
Scoring Higher marks or percentage in school education does not guarantee skilled and competitive candidature of the student.
License Raj has negatively impacted Higher education.

Q70. Which of the following statements weakens the argument that chopping the syllabi in the times of Pandemic will only worsen a student‘s disorientation and hence should be reconsidered?

It does not matter even if syllabi is chopped. The students who don‘t want to study will even not study in the minimal syllabi structure even during the pandemic.
Students don‘t care about syllabi. They study only for marks and grades.
Reduced syllabi will help in achieving the teaching-learning targets in due time and hence won‘t put pressure on students.
All of the above.

Q71. The number of students scoring 95% and above in XII class board exams has more than doubled. Which of the following statements serves as a plausible explanation for the same?

Students have started studying with sincerity and concentration.
Evaluation of answer scripts has become liberal.
Question papers these days are easier to solve.
All of the above.

Q72. For developing a student friendly ecosystem of education, which of the following serve as need of the hour, as per the Author?

Increasing the Syllabi in School education.
Building adequate number of public colleges and universities.
Eliminating Reservation in admissions to Higher education system.
Creating a quality based education system

Only I and II
Only I, II and IV
Only III
Only II and IV

Q73. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage above?

Scoring High marks in XII class can help in reducing stress amongst students in the times of Pandemic.
High Cut-off of marks also contribute in reducing opportunities for the students.
Private institutions should not be regulated.
License Raj should be done away with.

Passage 15:

If anything, the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has taught us to rethink our lifestyles and question our need to travel to work every day. After all, in the age of internet, zoom meetings and webinars can be virtually conducted and physical distancing is possible. A large nature of work in cities is of tertiary nature, a major part of which can be done from home. This can affect the way offices function and reduce the need for all employees to be physically present every day. Information Technology companies are already contemplating a move of making many of its employees work from home and make this a ‘new normal‘. If more firms follow suit, the need for huge office buildings and central business districts would change. Apartments cannot get bigger at the same rate, and people may not have the space or atmosphere to work from home. This would mean that more people would opt for co-working spaces close to their homes. This could be a game changer, for it would provide the cities to better distribute their activities throughout the spaces and rid themselves of the idea of zoning. Only a handful of professionals are allowed to function from residential zones, including doctors, lawyers, architects, etc. This needs serious rethinking. Many more professions of similar nature that do not disturb surrounding residence and have no requirements of special services should be added to the list. This new work culture would bring associated demand for food joints, cafés, stationary shops, etc.

[Excerpt from ‘Down to Earth’ Magazine, Blog authored by Sugeet Grover, August 17, 2020]

Q74. Which of the following is the main idea behind the passage?

Work from home is the new normal.
Work from home will result in shutting down of big buildings.
Work from home culture will result in systematization of City planning and development.
More professionals should be included in the ‘work from home’ list.

Q75. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage above?

The ‘work from home’ culture is a no-chaos culture.
There is lack of distribution of activities in the ‘work from home’ scenario.
The routine culture as opposed to ‘work from home’ does not benefit the society in any way.
All of the above.

Q76. Which of the following can be associated benefits of the new culture?

It will save commute time.
The city‘s land can be used more efficiently
Better distribution of activities would be associated with safer streets and public spaces as they would not go unused and hence have less likelihood of being used for unlawful activities.
All of the above.

Q77. Consider the following statement: “Work from home culture is a sustainable method of business and should be extended to all professions.” Which of the following weakens the Author‘s argument?

Not every type of profession fits in the ‘work from home’ culture as different professions have different requirements and need different environmental and work space settings.
‘Work from home’ impacts a person‘s mental health.
Both (a) and (b)
Neither (a) nor (b)

Q78. Which of the following weakens the author‘s argument that ‘Work from home’culture will enable better city planning?

Development of Co-working spaces will further create chaos in terms of land planning.
City planning is not only about reducing spaces.
Work from home will also reduce the flow of money in the economy.
All of the above.

Following is an array of questions to test your reasoning ability in different situations. Answer each of them according to the question asked in each of them respectively:

Q79. If highways were restricted to cars and only those trucks with capacity of less than 8 tons, most of the truck traffic would be forced to run outside highways. Such a reduction in the amount of truck traffic would reduce the risk of collisions on highways. The conclusion drawn in the first sentence depends on which of the following assumptions?

The roads outside highway would be as convenient as highway for most drivers of trucks.
Most of the roads outside highways are not ready to handle truck traffic.
Most trucks that are currently running in highway have a capacity of more than 8 tons.
Cars are at greater risk of being involved in collisions than are trucks.

Q80. Read the debate between Harry and Potter and identify the main issue:

Harry: Within democracies, voters are entitled to know the down-side to a candidate and the other side is obviously well placed to voice it. To stifle one‘s ability to voice negative things about a candidate would be to obstruct democracy and limit free speech.

Potter: Negative advertisements produce the politics of the personal, since an easiest advert is an attack-advert which focuses on the personality or personal qualities of one‘s opponent. A negative advertisement is one that focuses upon a rival product, in this case, a rival election candidate or party in order to point its flaws and to persuade the public to not vote for it.

Whether negative advertisement strengthens democratic governance?
Whether the practice of negative advertisements is good for democracy and politics?
Whether negative advertising needs to be banned?
Whether negative advertising produces the politics of the personal?

Q81. Which alternative applies to the following Statement and Assumption?

Statement: Go by Aeroplane to reach Delhi from Chennai quickly.

Assumptions:

Chennai and Delhi are connected by Air service.
There is no other means to commute from Chennai to Delhi.
The Air distance between Delhi and Chennai is less.

Only I is implicit.
Only I and II are implicit.
Only I and III are implicit.
Only II is implicit.

Q82. Ananya and Krishna can speak and follow English. Bulbul can write and speak Hindi as Archana does. Archanatalks with Ananya also in Bengali. Krishna cannot follow Bengali. Bulbul talks with Ananya in Hindi. Who can speak and follow English, Hindi and Bengali?

Archana
Bulbul
Krishna
Ananya

Q83. If ‘367‘ means ‘I am happy’; ‘748‘ means ‘you are sad‘ and ‘469‘ means ‘happy and sad‘ in a given code, then which of the following represents ‘and‘ in the code?

Passage 16:

One of the biggest casualties of the Covid-19 pandemic and the resultant lockdown has been institutionalised education. Schools have been shut to prevent the spread of the virus and this has given way to online classrooms, a very new concept in India even for the most sophisticated schools. It is commendable how easily some educational institutions have moved to virtual classrooms, all thanks to tools such as Zoom, Google Hangouts and Microsoft Teams. But there are some still struggling to get online. The online classes, whatever the enabling technology, is only as good as the teachers and the ability of the students to grasp the new teaching technique. One of the teachers felt students are actually more responsive and active in online classrooms, compared to when they are in physical ones. “This could be because this is a new concept and they are excited to explore it with the teachers. They also don’t get distracted by their classmates, which frequently happens in a regular class.” Teachers do find the absence of a blackboard a disadvantage and network connectivity a constant problem. “We miss the clarity that a blackboard gives us, we are kind of making do with the virtual whiteboard on Zoom.”ShwetaKawatra, a parent who teaches in a New Delhi school, highlights that many students have not been able to take advantage of the virtual platform because they do not have a suitable device at home or lack a good internet connection. “It has its own share of disadvantages too. Too much screen time can be perilous for health. Prolonged online sessions can be overwhelming and may lead to problems related to vision, body posture and sleep disorder,”Kawatra adds.

Q84. What is the Central Idea of the passage above?

Institutionalised education was much better than the current online education system.
Institutionalized education cannot be replaced by any other system of education.
Virtual Classroom teaching is a sustainable approach to education in modern times.
None of the above.

Q85. Which of the following statements cannot be inferred from the passage above?

Virtual Classroom teaching is a sustainable approach to education.
Virtual Classroom teaching causes health problems.
Institutionalized education system has its advantages.
All of the above.

Q86. Which of the following is an implicit assumption in the observation that students are more active and responsive in online classrooms as compared to that in physical ones?

Students are not serious while studying in physical classrooms.
Online classrooms inculcate more interest in students towards studies than the physical classrooms.
Students don‘t like physical classrooms at all.
Students sleep in physical classrooms.

Only I and II
Only III and IV
I and IV
I, II, III and IV

Q87. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage above?

There is a divide in opinions of people on the merits and demerits of Online education.
Online education system is going to replace the Institutionalized education system.
The institutionalized education system is not at all perilous for health of students.
All of the above.

Q88. Consider this statement: ‘Virtual education provides for various online seminars, opportunities to interact with learned experts, pro-bono education classes etc., for students across India irrespective of their economic status and background.’ Which of the following statements weakens the statement?

Many students in remote areas do not have access to internet facilities.
Many students in rural areas do not have devices to take advantage of the Virtual classrooms.
Online Seminars and pro bono classes are not interesting and do not cater to the needs of students across India.
The mobile phone data packages to access such heavy online contents are not enough and participation in such events involves costly data packages which is dependent upon the economic status of those students.

Only I, II, III
Only III and IV
Only I, II and IV
Only I and II

Read : CLAT kya hota hai

Passage 17:

There are over 23,000 names on the Union Government’s ‘Name-wise and State-wise list of Freedom Fighters and eligible dependents’ as of 31 January 2022.

It is important to understand that the official lists of freedom fighters are woefully inadequate. For one thing, most of the people originally on all these lists are no longer alive. Many of the names there now are, in fact, those of dependents, where the freedom fighter has long since passed. Secondly, very large groups of those who fought for freedom do not appear on the official lists. In 1972, when the first such pension scheme begam, the Left parties decided their members would not accept these. As one of them, N. Sankariah, says, “We fought for freedom, not for pensions.” That means thousands and thousands of fighters never appeared on the lists.

The Swatantrata Sainik Samman scheme of 1980 was more generous. However, the first of the ‘eligible’ categories demands the freedom fighter must ‘have suffered minimum imprisonment of six months in mainland jails before Independence’. That again excluded several who may have escaped incarceration (unless they qualified under one of six other criteria). Or who did not serve six months in jail. It also excludes many more in the revolutionary underground movements who did not go to prison. In fact, those who volunteered to fight underground are not eligible. The pension was only extended to those who went underground as a result of their being proclaimed offenders by the British Raj. Or if they had a detention order against them. Or if there was an award for their arrest or head. There’s another problem with the 1980 scheme document. It uses the word ‘widow’ in the list of dependents entitled to a pension upon the death of the freedom fighter rather than ‘spouse’. Which seems to presume freedom fighters were only men.

And there is also the question of what we as a society believe qualifies as ‘participation’ in the freedom struggle. Of those we have never thought of as freedom fighter. Under the central scheme, ‘participation’ isn’t enough. The person must have ‘suffered’ — and only in ways defined by the government.

[Extracted, with edits and revisions, from The Last Heroes: Foot Soldiers of Indian Freedom, by P Sainath, Penguin, Gurugram, 2022]

Q89. Which of the following is the author most likely to disagree with?

The Union Government’s lists of freedom fighters are not accurate.
The Union Government’s lists of freedom fighters are accurate.
Everyone who should have fought for India’s freedom did not do so.
Many people who fought for India’s freedom are not recognised on official lists.

Q90. Which of the following most accurately explains why a person included in the Union Government’s lists of freedom fighters may not actually have been a freedom fighter?

The Union Government has deliberately added to the lists names of persons who were not freedom fighters.
Many freedom fighters’ names have not been included in the lists.
Members of the Left parties did not opt to have their names included in the lists.
People originally on the lists have passed away, and the lists include their dependent’s names.

Q91. Based on the information in the passage, which of the following would not be entitled to a pension under the 1980 scheme?

The surviving husband of a deceased female freedom fighter not included in the lists.
The surviving husband of a deceased female freedom fighter included in the lists.
Both (a) and (b).
Neither (a) nor (b).

Q92. Which of the following is most accurate?

Some freedom fighters’ names are included in the Governments lists.
A person whose name is not included in the Government’s lists cannot be a freedom fighter.
Only freedom fighters’ names appear on the Government’s lists.
Freedom fighters’ dependents’ names do not appear on the Government’s lists.

Q93. Based on the information in the passage, which of the following are most likely to have been included in the Union Government’s lists of freedom fighters?

A person who never fought for India’s freedom but was jailed for six months.
A person who fought underground for India’s freedom and was never arrested.
A person who fought for India’s freedom and was jailed for three months.
A person who fought for India’s freedom and was jailed for nine months.

Q94. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the author’s arguments?

Pensions are only necessary where a person has undergone a hardship.
Many freedom fighters contributed to the freedom struggle, but did not suffer, and it is unfair to exclude them from the list of people entitled to a pension.
Many freedom fighters did not contribute much to the freedom struggle, but did suffer, and it is only right that they be included in the list of pensioners.
Pensions are unnecessary where a person has undergone a hardship.

Each set of questions in this section is based on the reasoning and arguments set out in the preceding passage. Please answer each question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the corresponding passage. Do not rely on any information or facts other than the ones supplied to you. In some instances, more than one option may be the answer to the question; in such a case, please choose the option that most accurately and comprehensively answers the question.

Passage 18:

We all make ethical choices, often without being conscious of doing so. Too often we assume that ethics is about obeying the rules that begin with “You must not…” If that were all there is to living ethically, then as long as we were not violating one of those rules, whatever we were doing would be ethical. That view of ethics, however, is incomplete. It fails to consider the good we can do for others less fortunate than ourselves, not only in our own community, but anywhere within the reach of our help. We ought also to extend our concern to future generations, and beyond our own species to nonhuman animals.

Another important ethical responsibility applies to citizens of democratic society: to be an educated citizen and a participant in the decisions our society makes. Many of these decisions involve ethical choices. In public discussions of these ethical issues, people with training in ethics can play a valuable role. In the 1960s, philosophers used to proclaim that it was a mistake to think that they have any expertise that would qualify them to address substantive ethical issues. They said that philosophy is concerned with the analysis of words and concepts, and so is neutral on substantive ethical questions.

[Extracted, with edits and revisions, from Ethics in the Real World: 82 Brief Essays on Things that Matter, by Peter Singer, Princeton University Press, 2016.]

Q95. Why does the author say that ethics is not just about obeying rules that forbid one from doing certain things?

Because ethics is not about doing anything; it only requires thinking about things.
Because ethics requires that one poses questions to other people.
Because ethics also requires that one does good for those who are not as fortunate as us.
Because ethics requires that one follows rules that direct one to do certain things.

Q96. Which of the following is not an example of the important ethical responsibility that the author says applies to citizens of a democratic society?

Understanding one’s fundamental rights and participating in debates about how these rights may have to change with the times.
Closely tracking the performance of the national cricket team and commenting on individual players’ performances.
Finding out about the candidates in local elections and casting one’s vote.
Staying abreast of news about legal matters and talking to other people about one’s opinions on those laws.

Q97. Which of the following is similar to the reason philosophers gave in the 1960s for claiming they were not qualified to comment on substantive ethical issues?

Athletes are concerned with improving their physical performance, and so are qualified to help others improve their physical abilities.
Engineers are experts in construction, and so should not build bridges.
Lawyers are experts in understanding and explaining the law, and are not capable of advising others on the law.
Doctors are concerned with understanding how the chemistry of the body works, and so are not qualified to advise patients on how to improve their health.

Q98. Which of the following can be inferred from the author’s description of ethics and living ethically?

The author thinks polluting the environment is bad as this may affect people who have not been born yet.
The author thinks hunting wild animals is bad as it is cruel and unnecessary.
Neither of the above.
Both (a) and (b).

Q99. Who amongst the following would be ‘living ethically’ if all there were to ethics was following the rule “You must not kill other humans”?

An alcoholic husband who beats his wife, causing her injuries.
A factory owner who releases massive quantities of lethal pollutants in a town’s drinking-water supply.
A rash and negligent driver who causes the death of other people.
Someone who adulterates life-saving medicines, rendering them ineffective.

Passage 19:

The industrial nations which are adding alarming amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere will at some point need to go beyond today’s insufficient efforts to stop the accumulation of this gas in the atmosphere. They will need to put the world machine into reverse, and start taking carbon dioxide out. They are nowhere near ready to meet this challenge. This is because of two problems, one technological, the other psychological.

The technological one is that sucking tens of billions of tonnes of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere is an enormous undertaking for which the world is not prepared. In principle it is simple to remove carbon dioxide by incorporating it in trees and plants. But planting trees on a scale even remotely adequate to the task requires something close to a small continent.

The psychological problem is that, even while the capacity to ensure negative emissions languishes underdeveloped, the mere idea that they will one day be possible eats away at the perceived urgency of cutting emissions today.

This puts policymakers in a bind. It would be reckless not to try to develop the technology for negative emissions. But strict limits need to be kept on the tendency to demand more and more of that technology in future scenarios.

[Extracted, with edits and revisions, from “Reverse Gear”, The Economist, Vol. 433, No. 9172.]

Q100. Which of the following situations is similar in nature to the ‘technological problem’ that the author describes?

Global poverty can be reduced by lowering the income level below which people are classified as living in poverty.
Traffic jams in Mumbai can be eliminated by building more roads, but this will require more miles of road area than the total surface area of Mumbai.
Suffering due to illness can be reduced, but this will require investing more money in medical research.
Global warming can be reduced, but this will mean all of us will have to take steps to use less fossil fuels.

Q101. Which of the following behaviours is unlike the psychological problem that the author describes?

College students spend all their money in the first week of term, because they think their parents will send them more money the next week.
Smokers do not stop smoking, because they think medical science will one day develop a cure for all illnesses.
Farmers use up all the water in reservoirs because they think there will be abundant rainfall later in the year to refill the reservoirs.
Some countries do not permit refugees to enter because they feel that they do not have adequate resources to support them.

Q102. Based on the author’s arguments in the given passage, what would be the best way for policymakers to make people reduce emissions today?

They should tell people that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is not a problem.
They should tell people that emerging technologies will easily remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
They should tell people that it is unlikely we will discover technologies that can remove enough carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
They should tell people that a heavy fine would be imposed on carbon dioxide emissions.

Q103. Which of the following, based on the author’s arguments, would be the best approach for policymakers to ensure the reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

Remove aid for negative emissions technology research, so as to encourage people to reduce emissions today.
Provide aid for negative emissions technology research only if such research leads to technology which removes extraordinary amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Provide aid for negative emissions technology research while giving people incentives to reduce emissions today.
Remove aid for negative emissions technology research and impose strict penalties on carbon dioxide emissions today.

Q104. Which of the following can we infer from the given passage?

Natural ways of reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are not feasible since we do not have enough resources to achieve the required level of reduction through such means.
Technological progress in ways of reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been insufficient, and we need to boost our efforts in this regard.
Neither (a) nor (b).
Both (a) and (b).

Passage 20:

The magnetic North Pole, it turns out, is shifting eastwards at an unprecedented pace. About 15 years ago, this would have made little difference to the daily lives of people and even Google Maps relies largely on satellite imaging, which is mostly unaffected by this shift. But now, in addition to its implications for industries and sectors that rely on the magnetic north — airports, defence, drilling — it will affect smartphones as well. Most contemporary phones have three magnetic sensors that tell the direction the user is facing. This feature could be compromised with the pole shifting, and people would be, quite literally, direction-less. They will thus have to ask other people for directions.

But learning to navigate by memory, and, more importantly, asking for directions may not be a terrible development. In fact, in India, it is a necessary skill. The spate of frequent internet shutdowns means that Google is of erratic help across cities in India.

Q105. Which of the following best represents the main point of the given passage?

Smartphones rely on magnetic sensors to tell the user which direction they are facing.
The shifting of the North Pole may not be a bad thing, since asking for directions is an important skill in India.
Internet shutdowns are very frequent in India.
The shifting of the North Pole will not affect Google Maps too much.

Q106. If the statements in the given passage are true, then which of the following would also be true?

The political maps of the world will have to be redrawn to reflect the new position of the North Pole.
Smartphone sales will reduce drastically.
People will stop relying on their smartphones and instead ask other people for directions.
Weather patterns across the world will change dramatically because of the shifting of the North Pole.

Q107. Which of the following, if true, most weakens the author’s arguments in the given passage?

The drilling industry does not rely on the magnetic North Pole.
People in India are very familiar with the streets close to their home.
Road signs in India are very badly made and are of no help.
Smartphones rely on satellite imaging rather than magnetic sensors to tell the user which direction they are facing.

Q108. The author’s claim that smartphones rely on magnetic sensors to tell users the direction they are facing plays which of the following roles in the author’s argument that people will soon have to ask other people for directions?

It forms the conclusion of the argument.
It forms the premise of the argument.
Neither (a) nor (b).
Both (a) and (b).

Q109. Which of the following is an assumption, on which the argument that people will have to ask others for directions since their smartphones will no longer be able to give directions, is based?

People rely on other people to get directions.
People rely on their smartphones to get directions.
Both (a) and (b).
Neither (a) nor (b).

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Answer Key for CLAT Logical Reasoning Passages

Question No.	Answer
Q1	C
Q2	D
Q3	B
Q4	D
Q5	B
Q6	A
Q7	C
Q8	C
Q9	B
Q10	D
Q11	B
Q12	D
Q13	B
Q14	D
Q15	A
Q16	A
Q17	D
Q18	A
Q19	A
Q20	C
Q21	C
Q22	C
Q23	A
Q24	B
Q25	A
Q26	D
Q27	B
Q28	C
Q29	C
Q30	B
Q31	A
Q32	B
Q33	D
Q34	B
Q35	C
Q36	A
Q37	A
Q38	D
Q39	B
Q40	A
Q41	C
Q42	C
Q43	D
Q44	B
Q45	C
Q46	A
Q47	A
Q48	D
Q49	A
Q50	B
Q51	C
Q52	C
Q53	A
Q54	A
Q55	B
Q56	C
Q57	A
Q58	D
Q59	C
Q60	C
Q61	A
Q62	B
Q63	B
Q64	B
Q65	D
Q66	D
Q67	B
Q68	C
Q69	C
Q70	D
Q71	D
Q72	D
Q73	B
Q74	C
Q75	A
Q76	D
Q77	C
Q78	D
Q79	C
Q80	B
Q81	C
Q82	D
Q83	C
Q84	D
Q85	A
Q86	A
Q87	A
Q88	C
Q89	B
Q90	D
Q91	C
Q92	A
Q93	D
Q94	B
Q95	C
Q96	B
Q97	D
Q98	D
Q99	A
Q100	B
Q101	D
Q102	C
Q103	C
Q104	D
Q105	B
Q106	C
Q107	D
Q108	B
Q109	B

Importance of Practicing With CLAT Logical Reasoning Passages

Practicing with logical reasoning passages of CLAT is an indispensable part of preparing for the exam. This practice not only sharpens your analytical skills but also provides several other key benefits:

1. Familiarity with Exam Format

Practicing with past passages helps you become familiar with the CLAT exam pattern and question styles. Understanding how questions are framed and what types of logical puzzles or scenarios you might encounter reduces surprises on exam day and increases your comfort level.

2. Enhance Critical Thinking Skills

CLAT logical reasoning requires you to think critically and analytically. Regularly working through complex passages and questions trains your mind to process information quickly and efficiently, identify logical connections, and discern subtle nuances in arguments.

3. Improve Time Management

The Logical Reasoning section can be time-consuming. By practicing with actual logical reasoning passages in CLAT, you learn how to allocate your time effectively, ensuring that you can complete all questions within the given time limits without sacrificing accuracy.

4. Identification of Weak Areas

Working through a variety of CLAT logical reasoning passages allows you to identify specific areas where you might be weak. This insight gives you the opportunity to focus your studies more effectively, reinforcing areas that could otherwise undermine your exam performance.

5. Development of a Strategic Approach

Different types of CLAT logical reasoning questions may require different approaches. Practicing with a wide range of passages helps you develop and refine strategies for tackling each type, whether it’s drawing inferences, analyzing arguments, or solving complex puzzles.

6. Building Confidence

Frequent and targeted practice with past exam passages builds confidence. By becoming accustomed to the pressure of solving difficult questions under exam-like conditions, you can reduce exam day anxiety and approach the test with a calmer, more confident mindset.

7. Enhanced Accuracy

Regular practice helps in reducing careless errors. As you become more familiar with common pitfalls and tricky question constructs, you’re better able to spot and avoid potential traps set by examiners.

Wrapping Up:

Mastering the logical reasoning section through dedicated practice with past CLAT passages is essential for any serious aspirant. To further enhance your CLAT preparation and ensure you are fully equipped to tackle every aspect of the exam, consider joining Law Prep Tutorial.

Our offline and online CLAT coaching provides structured learning, personalized guidance, and additional practice materials that complement your hard work. At Law Prep Tutorial, we are committed to helping you achieve your highest potential. Join us to turn your CLAT aspirations into reality and pave your way to a successful law career.

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